Odessa - Одесса

A city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".Created by: Romanov Empire - Империя РомановыхDated: 1901
Statue of the Duc de Richelieu, Odessa
Odessa was the site of a 6th century BC Greek trade settlement, possibly established by city of Histria. In the Middle Ages, Odessa was ruled by nomadic tribes of Petchenegs, Cumans, the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Ottoman Empire. The site of present-day Odessa became a fortress known as Khadjibey (named for Hacı I Giray, Kocibey in English). During the reign of Khan Hacı I Giray of Crimea (1441–1466), the Crimean Tatar Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Empire and, and in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania. It fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529.

During the 1760-70s Cossacks took the fortress several times and in 1789 Russian troops defeated the Ottomans and the city of Odessa was founded by Catherine the Great, Russian Empress. The Moldavian colony that later will be known as "Moldavanka" was already there. De Ribas and Franz de Volan recommended the area of Khadzhibei fortress as the site for the region's major port. In 1794 Catherine approved the founding of the new port-city and invested money in construction.

From 1795 to 1814, the population of Odessa increased 15 times and reached 20 thousand people. In the mid-19th century, Odessa became a popular resort among the Russian upper classes. The first city plan was designed by F. Devollan. Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former Moldavian colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, it emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odessa's central district, such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli, Moldovanka was included in the general city plan.

The new city quickly became a major success. Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu, who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. Having fled the French Revolution, he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure. Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos. His contributions to the city are mentioned by Mark Twain in his travelogue Innocents Abroad: "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to the same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World".

Another Frenchman, Count Andrault de Langeron, succeeded him in office. In 1819, the city became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on the city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). Its cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odessa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters, he wrote that Odessa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".

Odessa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and Imperial French naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odessa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with Kiev and Kharkiv as well as with Iaşi in Romania. By the early 1900s Odessa had become a large, thriving city, with European architecture and electrified urban transport.

The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. They were, due to interethnic conflict that had existed throughout the 19th century, repeatedly subjected to anti-Jewish backlash. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905. Many Odessan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism.

In 1905, Odessa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin and Lenin's Iskra. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odessan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odessa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odessa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odessa. The film was made at Odessa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union.

Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during Ukrainian-Soviet War, Odessa saw two Bolsheviks armed insurgencies, the second of which succeeded in establishing their control over the city; for the following months, the city became a center of the Odessa Soviet Republic. After signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty all Bolshevik forces were driven out by the combined armed forces of Central Powers, providing support to the Ukrainian People's Republic. With the end of the World War I and withdrawal of armies of Central Powers, the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of Ukrainian People's Republic. Few months later the city was occupied by the French Army and the Greek Army that supported the Russian White Army in struggle with the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian general Nikifor Grigoriev who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the unwelcome Triple Entente forces out of the city, but Odessa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army. By 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure the city.
533 Media in collection ∙ page 4 of 6
Odessa, Seaport, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Seaport, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Public domain image of a historic view of Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, free to use, no copyright restrictions - Picryl description

Odessa, Maly Fontain. 1900-1914

Odessa, Maly Fontain. 1900-1914

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Odessa Free LIbrary, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa Free LIbrary, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image...

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Odessa, Big Fountain. 1900-1914

Odessa, Big Fountain. 1900-1914

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Panteleymonovsky Church. Odessa, 1900-1914

Panteleymonovsky Church. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Garden Arkadia. Odessa, 1900-1914

Garden Arkadia. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, 1900-1914, Postcard - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, 1900-1914, Postcard - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Big Moscow Hotel. Odessa, 1900-1914

Big Moscow Hotel. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

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New Burse interior, Odessa, Russian Empire, 19th century

New Burse interior, Odessa, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Customs Square. Odessa, 1900-1914

Customs Square. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Sibiryakov Theater. Odessa, 1900-1914

Sibiryakov Theater. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

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Cape Malyi Fontan, Odessa - Victorian era public domain image

Cape Malyi Fontan, Odessa - Victorian era public domain image

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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A group of workers extracting curative mud from the bottom of the estuary, near the mud dredge

A group of workers extracting curative mud from the bottom of the estu...

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

Cape Malyi Fontan, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Cape Malyi Fontan, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa street view, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa street view, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Sibryakov theatre, Odessa, 1900-1914

Sibryakov theatre, Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Bridge 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Bridge 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Alexandrovsky Park 1900-1914

Odessa, Alexandrovsky Park 1900-1914

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Odessa, Hand - colored postcard. 1900-1914

Odessa, Hand - colored postcard. 1900-1914

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Odessa Yacht Club - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa Yacht Club - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

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Odessa, Andreevsky Liman 1900-1914

Odessa, Andreevsky Liman 1900-1914

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Statue of the Duc de Richelieu, Odessa

Statue of the Duc de Richelieu, Odessa

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Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

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Odessa University, Medical dept. 1900-1914

Odessa University, Medical dept. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Preobrazhenskaya st. 1900-1914

Odessa, Preobrazhenskaya st. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Pushkin Monument 1900-1914

Odessa, Pushkin Monument 1900-1914

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Odessa, Alexander II Column 1900-1914

Odessa, Alexander II Column 1900-1914

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Odessa, store 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, store 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, City Garden. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, City Garden. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Iosif Egiz, Tobacco Store. Odessa, 1900-1914

Iosif Egiz, Tobacco Store. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, 1880, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, 1880, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Catherine Square, 1900-1914

Odessa, Catherine Square, 1900-1914

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Saradjev Pavillion. Odessa Expo, 1900-1914

Saradjev Pavillion. Odessa Expo, 1900-1914

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Odessa Expo, Brewery Pavillion. 1900-1914

Odessa Expo, Brewery Pavillion. 1900-1914

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In the Drugstore, Rx. Odessa, 1900-1914

In the Drugstore, Rx. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Winter Garden Restaurant. Odessa, 1900-1914

Winter Garden Restaurant. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa in Snow, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa in Snow, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa Exhibition and Aviator's Aero club, 1900-1914

Odessa Exhibition and Aviator's Aero club, 1900-1914

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Nikolayevsky boulevard. Odessa, 1900-1914

Nikolayevsky boulevard. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Panteleimon Monastery, Russian Empire, 19th century

Panteleimon Monastery, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa. Nikolayev boulevard. 1900-1914

Odessa. Nikolayev boulevard. 1900-1914

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Preobrazhenskaya st. Odessa, 1900-1914

Preobrazhenskaya st. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Fruit Passage. 1900-1914

Odessa, Fruit Passage. 1900-1914

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Odessa, 1900-1914 Lithograph postcard

Odessa, 1900-1914 Lithograph postcard

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Odessa, Lighthouse from Seaport. 1900-1914

Odessa, Lighthouse from Seaport. 1900-1914

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Train Station. Odessa, 1900-1914

Train Station. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Zhukovskaya street. Odessa, 1900-1914

Zhukovskaya street. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Catherine St. Odessa, 1900-1914

Catherine St. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Library and Museum. 1900-1914

Odessa, Library and Museum. 1900-1914

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Brewery Enni and Co. Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Brewery Enni and Co. Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Cable car. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Cable car. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Torgovaya st. 1900-1914

Odessa, Torgovaya st. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Kherson St. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Kherson St. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa Yacht Club - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa Yacht Club - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Public domain image of a historic view of Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, free to use, no copyright restrictions - Picryl description

Odessa, Andreevsky Liman. 1900-1914

Odessa, Andreevsky Liman. 1900-1914

Public domain photograph of historic park, 19th-century vintage card, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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View of Kuyalniki estuary, Russian Empire

View of Kuyalniki estuary, Russian Empire

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

Kuyalnik / Andreevsky Estuary - Odessa, 1900-1914

Kuyalnik / Andreevsky Estuary - Odessa, 1900-1914

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Stock Exchange Square and Nikolaevsky Boulevard, Odessa, 1900-1914

Stock Exchange Square and Nikolaevsky Boulevard, Odessa, 1900-1914

Биржевая площадь и Николаевский бульвар Public domain photograph related to the history of Russia, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa, 1900s, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, 1900s, Russian Empire, 19th century

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View of the port from the monument of Richelieu. Odessa Port, 1900-1914

View of the port from the monument of Richelieu. Odessa Port, 1900-191...

Вид на порт от памятника Ришелье.

Imperial University. Physics-chemistry department. Odessa, 1900-1914

Imperial University. Physics-chemistry department. Odessa, 1900-1914

Императорский университет. Физико-химический отдел. Public domain photograph related to the history of Russia, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

German Kirche, Odessa, Russian Empire, 19th century

German Kirche, Odessa, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, new Burse building. 1900-1914

Odessa, new Burse building. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Southern Railway sanatorium 1900-1914

Odessa, Southern Railway sanatorium 1900-1914

Odessa, Southern Railway sanatorium 1900-1914 Андриевский лиман Санаторий Ю.З.Ж.Д

Odessa, Arkadia 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Arkadia 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Аркадия Public domain photograph related to the history of Russia, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

The Libman coffee house. Odessa, 1900-1914

The Libman coffee house. Odessa, 1900-1914

The Libman coffee house. Public domain photograph related to the history of Russia, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire

Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire

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Odessa Harbor and Lighthouse - Victorian era public domain image

Odessa Harbor and Lighthouse - Victorian era public domain image

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Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Andreevsky Liman 1900-1914

Odessa, Andreevsky Liman 1900-1914

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Odessa Harbor and Lighthouse - Victorian era public domain image

Odessa Harbor and Lighthouse - Victorian era public domain image

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Odessa, Deribas st. view 1900-1914

Odessa, Deribas st. view 1900-1914

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Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Odessa, Potyomkin Stairs 1900-1914

Odessa, Potyomkin Stairs 1900-1914

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Odessa Seaport 1900, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa Seaport 1900, Russian Empire, 19th century

Public domain image of a historic view of Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, free to use, no copyright restrictions - Picryl description

Odessa, Public Library 1900-1914

Odessa, Public Library 1900-1914

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City Garden, Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

City Garden, Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, tram station 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, tram station 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Pokrovsky Church. Odessa, 1900-1914

Pokrovsky Church. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Horse Tram. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Horse Tram. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Public domain photograph of a postcard, historic place view, landmark, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa, City Hall. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, City Hall. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Public domain photo of a monument, historic place, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa, Kefir Ad. 1900-1914, Russian Empire

Odessa, Kefir Ad. 1900-1914, Russian Empire

Odessa University, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa University, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Public domain photograph of theater building, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa, Preobrzhenskaya st. 1900-1914

Odessa, Preobrzhenskaya st. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Seaport View, 1900-1914

Odessa, Seaport View, 1900-1914

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Courthouse and Panteleimon Monastery

Courthouse and Panteleimon Monastery

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Pushkin St. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Pushkin St. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Monument to Catherine II The Great

Monument to Catherine II The Great

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Odessa, Deribas. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Deribas. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

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Sea view of Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Sea view of Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Pushkin Monument. 1900-1914

Odessa, Pushkin Monument. 1900-1914

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