Odessa - Одесса

A city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".Created by: Romanov Empire - Империя РомановыхDated: 1901
Statue of the Duc de Richelieu, Odessa
Odessa was the site of a 6th century BC Greek trade settlement, possibly established by city of Histria. In the Middle Ages, Odessa was ruled by nomadic tribes of Petchenegs, Cumans, the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Ottoman Empire. The site of present-day Odessa became a fortress known as Khadjibey (named for Hacı I Giray, Kocibey in English). During the reign of Khan Hacı I Giray of Crimea (1441–1466), the Crimean Tatar Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Empire and, and in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania. It fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529.

During the 1760-70s Cossacks took the fortress several times and in 1789 Russian troops defeated the Ottomans and the city of Odessa was founded by Catherine the Great, Russian Empress. The Moldavian colony that later will be known as "Moldavanka" was already there. De Ribas and Franz de Volan recommended the area of Khadzhibei fortress as the site for the region's major port. In 1794 Catherine approved the founding of the new port-city and invested money in construction.

From 1795 to 1814, the population of Odessa increased 15 times and reached 20 thousand people. In the mid-19th century, Odessa became a popular resort among the Russian upper classes. The first city plan was designed by F. Devollan. Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former Moldavian colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, it emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odessa's central district, such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli, Moldovanka was included in the general city plan.

The new city quickly became a major success. Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu, who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. Having fled the French Revolution, he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure. Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos. His contributions to the city are mentioned by Mark Twain in his travelogue Innocents Abroad: "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to the same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World".

Another Frenchman, Count Andrault de Langeron, succeeded him in office. In 1819, the city became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on the city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). Its cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odessa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters, he wrote that Odessa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".

Odessa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and Imperial French naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odessa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with Kiev and Kharkiv as well as with Iaşi in Romania. By the early 1900s Odessa had become a large, thriving city, with European architecture and electrified urban transport.

The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. They were, due to interethnic conflict that had existed throughout the 19th century, repeatedly subjected to anti-Jewish backlash. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905. Many Odessan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism.

In 1905, Odessa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin and Lenin's Iskra. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odessan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odessa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odessa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odessa. The film was made at Odessa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union.

Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during Ukrainian-Soviet War, Odessa saw two Bolsheviks armed insurgencies, the second of which succeeded in establishing their control over the city; for the following months, the city became a center of the Odessa Soviet Republic. After signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty all Bolshevik forces were driven out by the combined armed forces of Central Powers, providing support to the Ukrainian People's Republic. With the end of the World War I and withdrawal of armies of Central Powers, the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of Ukrainian People's Republic. Few months later the city was occupied by the French Army and the Greek Army that supported the Russian White Army in struggle with the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian general Nikifor Grigoriev who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the unwelcome Triple Entente forces out of the city, but Odessa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army. By 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure the city.
533 Media in collection ∙ page 5 of 6
Odessa, Seaport and Customs building. 1900-1914

Odessa, Seaport and Customs building. 1900-1914

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Seaport of Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Seaport of Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Seminarie. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Seminarie. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Arrival of Nicholas II to Odessa Sea Port, 1914-1915

Arrival of Nicholas II to Odessa Sea Port, 1914-1915

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

Arrival of Nicholas II boat to Odessa, 1914-1915

Arrival of Nicholas II boat to Odessa, 1914-1915

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

Arrival of Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexei to Odessa, 1914-1915

Arrival of Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexei to Odessa, 1914-1915

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

Odessa, The Great Fountain. Old lighthouse. 1900-1914

Odessa, The Great Fountain. Old lighthouse. 1900-1914

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Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, commerce building. 1900-1914

Odessa, commerce building. 1900-1914

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Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Hotel St. Petersburg, 1900-1914

Odessa, Hotel St. Petersburg, 1900-1914

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Odessa City Public Library 1900-1914

Odessa City Public Library 1900-1914

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Odessa, Courthouse 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Courthouse 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Sadovaya st. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Sadovaya st. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image...

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Odessa, Lighthouse 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Lighthouse 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Port, color postcard 1900-1914

Odessa, Port, color postcard 1900-1914

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Odessa University, Physics-Chemistry Dept. 1900-1914

Odessa University, Physics-Chemistry Dept. 1900-1914

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Postcard: German Kirche, Odessa

Postcard: German Kirche, Odessa

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Odessa, St. Petersburg Hotel. 1900-1914

Odessa, St. Petersburg Hotel. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Passage 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Passage 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

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Odessa, Headquarters of Odesskiy Listok Newspaper 1900-1914

Odessa, Headquarters of Odesskiy Listok Newspaper 1900-1914

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Odessa, Protestant Church, 1900-1914

Odessa, Protestant Church, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Protestant Church, 1900-1914

Odessa, Protestant Church, 1900-1914

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Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

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Odessa, Prakticheskaya Harbor 1900-1914

Odessa, Prakticheskaya Harbor 1900-1914

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Odessa, Office supplies store, 1900-1914

Odessa, Office supplies store, 1900-1914

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Postcard, Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Postcard, Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, dacha 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, dacha 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Richeliu St. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Richeliu St. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image...

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Odessa, man Portrait, 1900-1914

Odessa, man Portrait, 1900-1914

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Simson Cars, Imported Cars Dealer Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914

Simson Cars, Imported Cars Dealer Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914

Beerhouse. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Beerhouse. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Trade house Petrokino - 1900

Odessa, Trade house Petrokino - 1900

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Odessa Port. 1900-1914 - Victorian era public domain image

Odessa Port. 1900-1914 - Victorian era public domain image

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Central Odessa - Theatre, 1900-1914

Central Odessa - Theatre, 1900-1914

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Small Fountain Odessa, 1900-1914

Small Fountain Odessa, 1900-1914

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Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

Potemkin Stairs, Potemkin Steps, a giant stairway in Odessa

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Vorontsov monument. Odessa, 1900-1914

Vorontsov monument. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Catherine St. 1900-1914

Odessa, Catherine St. 1900-1914

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New Burse, Odessa, Russian Empire, 19th century

New Burse, Odessa, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Seaport, Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Seaport, Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Officers Commons. 1900-1914

Odessa, Officers Commons. 1900-1914

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Seaport of Odessa, 1900-1914 - Drawing. Public domain image.

Seaport of Odessa, 1900-1914 - Drawing. Public domain image.

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View from the Potiomkin Stairs. Odessa, 1900-1914

View from the Potiomkin Stairs. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Hotel Passage. Odessa, 1900-1914

Hotel Passage. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Greek Street. Odessa, 1900-1914

Greek Street. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Maly Fountain. Odessa, 1900-1914

Maly Fountain. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa Richelieu monument, 1900-1914

Odessa Richelieu monument, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Kherson Steamboat. 1900-1914

Odessa, Kherson Steamboat. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Catherine II Square. 1900-1914

Odessa, Catherine II Square. 1900-1914

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Odessa Harbor and Lighthouse. Fishing.

Odessa Harbor and Lighthouse. Fishing.

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Odessa, Cable Car. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Cable Car. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Nikolayevsky Boulevard. 1900-1914

Odessa, Nikolayevsky Boulevard. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Boulevard. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Boulevard. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, City Hall, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, City Hall, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, General view. 1900-1914

Odessa, General view. 1900-1914

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Cape Malyi Fontan, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Cape Malyi Fontan, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Seaport Odessa view, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Seaport Odessa view, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Crowds awaiting for Nicholas II arrival to Odessa, 1914-1915

Crowds awaiting for Nicholas II arrival to Odessa, 1914-1915

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

The mud cure clinic at Kuyalnik estuary

The mud cure clinic at Kuyalnik estuary

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

Ekaterininskaya street in direction to Greek street, Odessa, 1900-1914

Ekaterininskaya street in direction to Greek street, Odessa, 1900-1914

Екатерининская улица по направлению к Греческой

Quarantine harbor and marina of sailing ships. Odessa, 1900-1914

Quarantine harbor and marina of sailing ships. Odessa, 1900-1914

Quarantine harbor and marina of sailing ships. Карантинная гавань и пристань парусных судов.

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

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Odessa, Andreevsky Liman 1900-1914

Odessa, Andreevsky Liman 1900-1914

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Odessa, Boulevard de Nicolas, 1900-1914

Odessa, Boulevard de Nicolas, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Small Fontain, Dunin Dacha 1900-1914

Odessa, Small Fontain, Dunin Dacha 1900-1914

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Odessa, Brewery Pavillion. 1900-1914

Odessa, Brewery Pavillion. 1900-1914

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Odessa, Department Store Petrokokin, 1900-1914

Odessa, Department Store Petrokokin, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Sea Port, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Sea Port, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Sanatorium 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Sanatorium 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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House of Nolli. Odessa, 1900-1914

House of Nolli. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Coal Store, Babadjan. Odessa, 1900-1914

Coal Store, Babadjan. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Postcard. Cathedral. Odessa, 1900-1914

Postcard. Cathedral. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Columbus Tires Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914

Columbus Tires Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914

Vine Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Vine Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Fire in Dept. Store. Odessa, 1900-1914

Fire in Dept. Store. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Industrial machines trade company. Odessa, 1900-1914

Industrial machines trade company. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Aviator-wrestler Zaikin, Odessa, 1900-1914

Aviator-wrestler Zaikin, Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Provodnik Joint Company building 1900-1914

Odessa, Provodnik Joint Company building 1900-1914

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Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

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Odessa, Stroganov Bridge, 1900-1914

Odessa, Stroganov Bridge, 1900-1914

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Langeron St. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Langeron St. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Sadovaya St. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Sadovaya St. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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City Hall. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

City Hall. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Quarantine harbor.1900-1914

Odessa, Quarantine harbor.1900-1914

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Pushkin St. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Pushkin St. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Pushkin's asylum. 1900-1914

Odessa, Pushkin's asylum. 1900-1914

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Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

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Odessa Palace. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa Palace. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Deribas and Catherine corner. 1900-1914

Odessa, Deribas and Catherine corner. 1900-1914

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Odessa, New Mall. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, New Mall. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Arrival of Tsesarevich Alexei to Odessa, 1914-1915

Arrival of Tsesarevich Alexei to Odessa, 1914-1915

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

The mud cure clinic at Kuyalnik estuary

The mud cure clinic at Kuyalnik estuary

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

The mud cure clinic at Kuyalnik estuary

The mud cure clinic at Kuyalnik estuary

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

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