Odessa - Одесса

A city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".Created by: Romanov Empire - Империя РомановыхDated: 1901
Statue of the Duc de Richelieu, Odessa
Odessa was the site of a 6th century BC Greek trade settlement, possibly established by city of Histria. In the Middle Ages, Odessa was ruled by nomadic tribes of Petchenegs, Cumans, the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Ottoman Empire. The site of present-day Odessa became a fortress known as Khadjibey (named for Hacı I Giray, Kocibey in English). During the reign of Khan Hacı I Giray of Crimea (1441–1466), the Crimean Tatar Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Empire and, and in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania. It fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529.

During the 1760-70s Cossacks took the fortress several times and in 1789 Russian troops defeated the Ottomans and the city of Odessa was founded by Catherine the Great, Russian Empress. The Moldavian colony that later will be known as "Moldavanka" was already there. De Ribas and Franz de Volan recommended the area of Khadzhibei fortress as the site for the region's major port. In 1794 Catherine approved the founding of the new port-city and invested money in construction.

From 1795 to 1814, the population of Odessa increased 15 times and reached 20 thousand people. In the mid-19th century, Odessa became a popular resort among the Russian upper classes. The first city plan was designed by F. Devollan. Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former Moldavian colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, it emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odessa's central district, such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli, Moldovanka was included in the general city plan.

The new city quickly became a major success. Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu, who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. Having fled the French Revolution, he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure. Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos. His contributions to the city are mentioned by Mark Twain in his travelogue Innocents Abroad: "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to the same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World".

Another Frenchman, Count Andrault de Langeron, succeeded him in office. In 1819, the city became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on the city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). Its cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odessa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters, he wrote that Odessa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".

Odessa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and Imperial French naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odessa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with Kiev and Kharkiv as well as with Iaşi in Romania. By the early 1900s Odessa had become a large, thriving city, with European architecture and electrified urban transport.

The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. They were, due to interethnic conflict that had existed throughout the 19th century, repeatedly subjected to anti-Jewish backlash. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905. Many Odessan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism.

In 1905, Odessa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin and Lenin's Iskra. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odessan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odessa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odessa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odessa. The film was made at Odessa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union.

Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during Ukrainian-Soviet War, Odessa saw two Bolsheviks armed insurgencies, the second of which succeeded in establishing their control over the city; for the following months, the city became a center of the Odessa Soviet Republic. After signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty all Bolshevik forces were driven out by the combined armed forces of Central Powers, providing support to the Ukrainian People's Republic. With the end of the World War I and withdrawal of armies of Central Powers, the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of Ukrainian People's Republic. Few months later the city was occupied by the French Army and the Greek Army that supported the Russian White Army in struggle with the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian general Nikifor Grigoriev who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the unwelcome Triple Entente forces out of the city, but Odessa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army. By 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure the city.
533 Media in collection ∙ page 3 of 6
Odessa, Deribas st. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa, Deribas st. 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa Kharsonskaya and Preobrazhenskaya st, 1900-1914

Odessa Kharsonskaya and Preobrazhenskaya st, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Alexandrov park, 1900-1914

Odessa, Alexandrov park, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Harbor View 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Harbor View 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Shopping Mall. Odessa, 1900-1914

Shopping Mall. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Beer and Pirogi. Odessa, 1900-1914

Beer and Pirogi. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Building Kotlyarevskogo. Odessa, 1900-1914

Building Kotlyarevskogo. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa Telephone Station, 1900-1914

Odessa Telephone Station, 1900-1914

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Food Store Dubinin. Odessa, 1900-1914

Food Store Dubinin. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Shopping Passage. Odessa, 1900-1914

Shopping Passage. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Aviator Mikhail Efimov. Odessa, 1900-1914

Aviator Mikhail Efimov. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa Theater, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa Theater, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Train Station. 1900-1914

Odessa, Train Station. 1900-1914

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Maly Fountain, Odessa, 1900-1914

Maly Fountain, Odessa, 1900-1914

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Public Library. Odessa, 1900-1914

Public Library. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Odessa Seaport. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa Seaport. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Sredny Fountain. Odessa, 1900-1914

Sredny Fountain. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

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Odessa, Ekaterininskaya st. 1900-1914

Odessa, Ekaterininskaya st. 1900-1914

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Odessa view, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa view, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Central Bank. 1900-1914

Odessa, Central Bank. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Deribas and Richeliew corner. 1900-1914

Odessa, Deribas and Richeliew corner. 1900-1914

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Odessa, from the stair. 1900-1914

Odessa, from the stair. 1900-1914

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Odessa Harbor and Lighthouse - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa Harbor and Lighthouse - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Deribas street, 1900-1914

Odessa, Deribas street, 1900-1914

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Odessa Catherine's Yacht Club - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa Catherine's Yacht Club - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

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Cape Malyi Fontan, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Cape Malyi Fontan, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Meeting of Nicholas II in Odessa Port, 1914-1915

Meeting of Nicholas II in Odessa Port, 1914-1915

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

Praktychna Havan, Port of Odessa

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Odessa University. Faculty of Medicine, 1900-1914

Odessa University. Faculty of Medicine, 1900-1914

Odessa University. Faculty of Medicine. Медицинский факультет

Passage of Mendelevich Odessa, 1900-1914

Passage of Mendelevich Odessa, 1900-1914

Пассаж Менделевича Public domain photograph of shopping center, department store building, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa Harbor postcard - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa Harbor postcard - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Praktychna Harbor, Port of Odessa

Praktychna Harbor, Port of Odessa

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Odessa Libray and Museum 1900-1914

Odessa Libray and Museum 1900-1914

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Odessa, Post Office, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Post Office, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Harbor view 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Harbor view 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Train Station, 1900-1914

Odessa, Train Station, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Arkadia. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Arkadia. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Hotel Bristol, 1900-1914

Odessa, Hotel Bristol, 1900-1914

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Odessa, Catherine st. 1900-1914

Odessa, Catherine st. 1900-1914

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Tobacco ad. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Tobacco ad. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Print Ad. 1900-1914 - Public domain historic place print

Odessa, Print Ad. 1900-1914 - Public domain historic place print

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Hydro therapy Clinic, Odessa, 1900-1914

Hydro therapy Clinic, Odessa, 1900-1914

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City Garden. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

City Garden. Odessa, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image...

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Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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In Memory of Automobile Race. Renault Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914

In Memory of Automobile Race. Renault Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Cathedral. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Cathedral. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Alexander II monument. 1900-1914

Odessa, Alexander II monument. 1900-1914

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Theater, Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Theater, Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Seaport. 1886, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Seaport. 1886, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Arkadia Shore, 1900-1914

Odessa, Arkadia Shore, 1900-1914

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New Burse exterior, Odessa, Russian Empire, 19th century

New Burse exterior, Odessa, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Boulevard. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Boulevard. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Hospital at Andreewsky Liman. Odessa, 1900-1914

Hospital at Andreewsky Liman. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Train Station. 1900-1914

Odessa, Train Station. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Sea. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Sea. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Burse Square. 1900-1914

Odessa, Burse Square. 1900-1914

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Odessa, Richelieu St. 1900-1914

Odessa, Richelieu St. 1900-1914

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Odessa, City Hall. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, City Hall. 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Train Station. Odessa, 1900-1914

Train Station. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

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Hospital at Andreevsky Liman. Odessa, 1900-1914

Hospital at Andreevsky Liman. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa sea view, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa sea view, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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New Burse, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

New Burse, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Pushkine st. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Pushkine st. Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Public domain photo of a monument, historic place, 19th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description.

A group of workers extracting curative mud from the bottom of the estuary, near the mud dredge

A group of workers extracting curative mud from the bottom of the estu...

The stay of members of the imperial family in Odessa and the mud bath at the Kuyalnik estuary.1914-1915 - Пребывание членов императорской фамилии в Одессе и Грязелечебница на Куяльницком лимане.1914-1915

Odessa, Big Moscow Hotel, 1900-1914

Odessa, Big Moscow Hotel, 1900-1914

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Odessa Cathedral in 1900s - Victorian era public domain image

Odessa Cathedral in 1900s - Victorian era public domain image

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Catherine Street, Odessa, 1900-1914

Catherine Street, Odessa, 1900-1914

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Odessa Brewery, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa Brewery, 1900-1914 - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Public domain photograph of a postcard, historic place view, landmark, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa, Andreevsky Liman 1900-1914

Odessa, Andreevsky Liman 1900-1914

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Odessa, Androsov mall, 1900-1914

Odessa, Androsov mall, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Public Library 1900-1914

Odessa, Public Library 1900-1914

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German Kirche, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

German Kirche, Odessa - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Lutheran Church, Odessa. Лютеранская церковь - Одесса Public domain scan of the vintage German Empire postcard, 19th century, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa Cathedral postcards - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

Odessa Cathedral postcards - Russian postcard. Public domain image.

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Odessa, Giant Samovar, City Expo, 1900-1914

Odessa, Giant Samovar, City Expo, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Arkadia, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa, Arkadia, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Odessa, Hotel De Ville, 1900-1914

Odessa, Hotel De Ville, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Train Station, 1900-1914

Odessa, Train Station, 1900-1914

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Odessa, Catherine II Monument, 1900-1914

Odessa, Catherine II Monument, 1900-1914

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Uspenskaya Church. Odessa, 1900-1914

Uspenskaya Church. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Department Store, Odessa, 1900-1914

Department Store, Odessa, 1900-1914

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Aviator Efimov with the passenger. Odessa, 1900-1914

Aviator Efimov with the passenger. Odessa, 1900-1914

Public domain photograph - aircraft, aviation, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Drivers License, Odessa, 1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Drivers License, Odessa, 1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Mercedes Benz Dealer Advertising, Odessa, 1900-1914

Mercedes Benz Dealer Advertising, Odessa, 1900-1914

Sanatorium, Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Sanatorium, Odessa, 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Public domain photograph of 19th-century vintage card, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Reno and Berlie Cars, Dealer Advertising. Odessa, 1900-1914

Reno and Berlie Cars, Dealer Advertising. Odessa, 1900-1914

Shustov Cognac Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914

Shustov Cognac Ad. Odessa, 1900-1914

Public domain photograph of a tram car, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Odessa, view from the sea 1900-1914

Odessa, view from the sea 1900-1914

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Odessa Bourse (old), 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

Odessa Bourse (old), 1900-1914, Russian Empire, 19th century

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Voyenny Spusk. Seaport. Odessa, 1900-1914

Voyenny Spusk. Seaport. Odessa, 1900-1914

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Roman Catholic Church, Odessa, 1900-1914

Roman Catholic Church, Odessa, 1900-1914

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